Biogeochemical activity of park plants as an indicator of stability of wood plants
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25726/NM.2019.20.18.003Keywords:
park stands of the Rostov region, steppe zone, woody species, species composition, heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd), biogeochemical activity, coefficient of biological absorption, indicators, stabilityAbstract
The relevance of the research is related to the improvement of the sustainability of park stands of the Rostov region, which have historical significance and conservation status. The long-term monitoring of the accumulation of heavy metals contributes to the establishment of the biogeochemical role of woody plants.
The purpose of the research is to identify the biogeochemical activity of parkland stands of the steppe zone based on the study of the species and age composition of woody plants and the biological absorption coefficients of heavy metals.
The coefficient of biological absorption (CBP) reflects the degree of concentration of the element in plants compared with adjacent media. KBP - the ratio of the content of the element in the dry matter to the content in the soil on which they grow. This coefficient characterizes the intensity of extraction of chemical elements from the soil. In this case, the PCU for each element is largely determined by both chemical properties and the need of plants.
The objects of research are parklands of Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Novocherkassk, Azov and Bataysk. They are represented by trees aged 40-50 years (75-80%). Trees over the age of 50 years (25%) are found in the city of Taganrog. On the territory of the parks of Bataysk, a fairly large percentage of plantations (37) are represented by trees up to 20 years.
It has been established that the species composition of park stands is represented by 11 species (Quercus robur L., Aesculus hippocastanum L., Ulmus laevis Pall, Fraxinus excelsior L., Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh, Robinia pseudoacacia L., Tilia platyphyllosScop, Acer platanoides L., Acer negundo L., Populus alba L., Populus sowietica pyramidalis Jabl.) from 8 families (Fagaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Ulmaceae, Oleaceae, Fabaceae, Tiliaceae, Aceraceae, Salicaceae). Revealed dominant species in the park landscapes of the studied cities.
Based on the monitoring of the park landscapes of the city of Rostov-on-Don, it was revealed that during the growing season, the largest amount of metals deposited on the leaf surfaces of maple and linden. The selectivity of metal deposition by individual species is manifested in the accumulation of certain metals by them.
On all studied objects (2002-2018), total accumulation of heavy metals by leaves of woody plants was calculated. The maximum coefficients of biological absorption were established: according to Zn(Populus sowietica pyramidalis, Populus alba, Ulmus laevis); Cu (Fraxinus excelsior, Aesculus hippocastanum, Quercus robur); Ni (Acer platanoides, Populus alba, Ulmus laevis). The minimum coefficient of biological absorption is set for Zn and Cu for Acer negundo, for Ni - Tilia platyphyllos.
A register of woody plants has been compiled to reduce the biogeochemical activity coefficient: Fraxinus excelsior = Populus sowietica pyramidalis = Populus alba (0,4) > Aesculus hippocastanum = Quercus robur (0,3) > Acer platanoides = Tilia platyphyllos = Ulmus laevis = Robinia pseudoacaciaia (0,2) > Acer negundo = Fraxinus lanceolata (0,1).
Thus, the content of macroelements in plants has been established, which is determined by the systematic position - family, genus and species. The parameters of the coefficients of biological absorption, and their dynamics depending on time (for example, the vegetation phase), the age of the organism, the soil, are recommended to be used as indicators of sustainability and selection of the assortment when renovating historical park landscapes.
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