Dynamics of microplastic accumulation in freshwater ecosystems of Russia: spatial and temporal patterns and environmental consequences
Keywords:
microplastics, freshwater ecosystems, bioaccumulation, environmental risks, trophic chainsAbstract
Microplastic pollution poses a serious environmental threat to freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Despite the increasing attention to this problem, the spatial and temporal patterns of the spread of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems of Russia, as well as the mechanisms of its impact on biota, remain insufficiently studied. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the distribution, accumulation, and environmental effects of microplastic particles in various components of freshwater ecosystems in Russia. Monitoring of 26 reservoirs of various types in five geographical regions of Russia (2020-2023) revealed the widespread presence of microplastics with concentrations from 0.15 to 11.73 particles/l in surface waters and from 17.8 to 432.6 particles/kg in bottom sediments. A positive correlation has been established between the level of anthropogenic load and the concentration of microplastics (r = 0.78, p < 0.01). The main types of polymers (polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene) and their potential sources have been identified. An experimental assessment of the effects of microplastics on representatives of various trophic levels has shown dose-dependent effects, including reduced survival, reproductive disorders, and behavioral changes. Bioaccumulation of microplastics in the tissues of aquatic organisms with accumulation coefficients from 3.2 to 27.8 was revealed. Modeling of microplastic transport along trophic chains demonstrated the possibility of its biomagnification at higher trophic levels with coefficients from 1.3 to 2.1. A predictive model of the spread of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems has been developed, taking into account hydrological, climatic and anthropogenic factors. The results obtained are important for assessing the environmental risks of microplastic pollution and developing effective strategies for monitoring and managing water resources under increasing anthropogenic pressure.
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